COVID-19 Research

Canada's Largest and Most Rapid COVID-19 Outbreaks


The Anatomy, Determinants, and Impacts of the Meat Processing Plants' COVID-19 Outbreak Among Newcomers and their Families in Canada

Ultimately, integrating newcomers is fundamental to Canada’s collective identity, humanitarian ideals and economic prosperity. The ongoing COVID-19 response and future Canadian public health responses require a detailed investigation to learn, prevent similar outbreaks, and create knowledge the public health, healthcare and social services systems need to protect our special communities, prevent inequities, improve care and community trust during COVID-19 outbreaks and for future public health crises.

Study Overview


Alberta's Beef Processing Facilities have faced two of Canada's largest and most rapid COVID-19 outbreaks.

With nearly 2000 employees each, the meat processing plants in High River and Brooks, Alberta are among Canada’s largest meat processing facilities, supplying approximately 70% of Canada’s beef. Most employees are immigrants, refugees or temporary foreign workers, together representing newcomer communities.

These outbreaks are not fully understood.

The reasons for their size and speed likely depend on various factors including 1) biological (e.g., age and sex); 2) occupational (e.g., job role - “kill floor vs. fabrication floor”), physical layout (e.g., changerooms, lunchrooms); and, 3) social (e.g., language barriers, housing, fear of deportation, health literacy, carpooling, and presenteeism). Understanding these factors will help understand the rapid transmission, health outcomes, and transmission among employee households, newcomer communities, and the broader community.

Why this outbreak disproportionately affects newcomer populations?

Meat processing plant employees’ and families’ perceptions of the outbreak, its impacts and, their trust in public institutions are critical to inform ongoing and future health responses.

Rapid public health, healthcare and social agency responses

These included newcomer-serving social agencies, public health, primary healthcare providers, and other stakeholders. Despite this response, front-line healthcare providers report increasing mistrust among employees and families. Inviting participation and building trust in public health and healthcare among newcomer communities is critically important to help contain COVID-19.

We wish to investigate:

1) How the outbreak spread?
(its epidemiology and outcomes)

2) Why it spread?
(its determinants and perceived causes)

3) What was the response?
(What worked? What did not? What could not be helped?)

Methods

Our embedded mixed-methods case study will collect and share health-related data and stories from meat processing plant employees and their families to understand why this rapid outbreak occurred and understand how it affected workers, their families and their communities. This work will advance our understanding of how these outbreaks began, what health equity factors led to their rapid spread, and why they seemed to affect mostly new newcomer employees, their families and communities.

Importance

Ultimately, integrating newcomers is fundamental to Canada’s collective identity, humanitarian ideals and economic prosperity. The ongoing COVID-19 response and future Canadian public health responses require a detailed investigation to learn, prevent similar outbreaks, and create knowledge the public health, healthcare and social services systems need to protect our special communities, prevent inequities, improve care and community trust during COVID-19 outbreaks and for future public health crises.

Participate in the Study


Were you affected by a COVID-19 outbreak in a meat processing facility?
We need your help!

What would I have to do?

  • Complete an online 30 minutes survey AND/OR 1-hour virtual interview (password-protected Zoom meeting)
  • Sample Interview Questions: Listening and learning to stories from the Alberta meat processing outbreaks
  • Please tell us what makes you unique, what makes you special?
  • Please describe what a job in meat processing is like? From a worker perspective.
  • Did you, or someone close to you, have to be quarantined or have to self-isolate because of COVID-19?
  • What rules or confusion-related barriers or challenges did you experience during the outbreak?
  • ALL information will be kept ANONYMOUS and CONFIDENTIAL
  • The first 2,000 meat processing plant employees who answer the survey and all interview participants will receive gift cards. For those who are not meat processing plant employees, we would still love to have your feedback to our survey. Unfortunately, we do not have the resources to provide gift cards to everyone. We invite you to still participate because the information you can provide is very important. 

How do I sign up?

  • Scan the QR code on your phone or click the "Participate Now" link below the QR code
  • Once you've registered, you will be contacted by a study team member
  • Responses from people that don't use the internet are just as important as those who do. If you prefer, our community team members will help you participate in your own language (please let us know using the contact information)

Need more information?

  • Email: refugeehealthyyc@ucalgary.ca
  • Phone: 1 (587) 284-8581
  • Events: Live Webinars: We will host three live 1-hour webinars with our doctors and experts to answer your questions about this study and COVID-19

Research Blog

Click on any one of the following blog posts to view content related to the study.

October 26, 2020
Interview: Mussie Yemane
October 26, 2020
Worldwide, Covid-19 outbreaks in meat packing facilities have made headlines. From Germany, the United States, Brazil, and right here in Canada, meat packing plants have quickly become a new “hot spot” for Covid-19. At least 10 countries worldwide have reported Covid-19 outbreaks in meat packing facilities, making this an issue of global public health concern 1, 2, 3, 4 . Meat packing facilities, also commonly referred to as meat processing plants, slaughterhouses, or abattoirs, provide an essential service in ensuring consumers have access to necessary meat products. Furthermore, these facilities often provide meat products for large scale commercial use, requiring several people to ensure the plants operate smoothly. As such, meat processing plants also provide a source of employment for the communities in which they are located. From a global perspective, outbreaks in meat plants were not isolated to one geographic area. In Europe, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Ireland, and Belgium are all among countries that reported outbreaks of Covid-19 within meat processing plants 1 . Notably, the largest meat packing plant in Germany had over 1500 positive cases as of June 2020 1,2,4 . A scientific investigation into this Covid-19 outbreak suggested that environmental factors within the facility, including cooler temperatures and reduced airflow, contributed to the spread of disease 4 . In South America, Brazil was the hardest hit, with media reports of 4957 cases reported from 13 facilities in one state alone . Similarly, North American meat processing plants also reported outbreaks. In July 2020, the Centre for Disease Control in the United States reported a total of 16 233 cases of Covid-19 and 86 deaths among the 525 000 employees of 3500 meat processing facilities in the country 3 . In Canada, clusters of Covid-19 associated with employees of meat packing plants were identified in Ontario, Manitoba, and Alberta 6, 7 . Specifically, an outbreak at a meat processing facility in Alberta resulted in at least 1550 positive Covid-19 cases, becoming the centre of Canada’s largest outbreak from a single source. While these instances occurred in vastly different regions, the outcome was the same: outbreaks of Covid-19 have been associated with meat processing facilities. While it is unclear exactly what is causing these outbreaks, what is clear is who is being affected: the workers. Interestingly, a pattern that persists across geographical lines is the population of those who are employed in these facilities. Employees in meat processing facilities disproportionately belong to migrant and refugee communities (collectively: newcomers) 1 . Given that this population already faces unique health challenges, marginalization, and discrimination, compounded by emerging evidence that racialized communities face a higher burden of Covid-19 3 , the need to understand how these outbreaks occur has never been greater. Though speculation and informed guesses have been made, several questions remain surrounding what caused these outbreaks in the first place. Some reports have cited crowded living conditions and lack of health literacy as factors contributing to Covid-19 outbreaks among meat processing plant employees 1 . Other reports have highlighted environmental conditions within such facilities which promote the transmission of Covid-19 among workers 4 . Still, other proposed causes of these outbreaks include miscommunication, language barriers, and lack of preventative measures in the workplace, such as PPE 3 . In light of these unknown factors and the urgency to understand this issue, Refugee Health YYC is leading the first scientific investigation of Covid-19 meat plant outbreaks in Canada. Now, more than ever, it is necessary to conduct a rigorous and scientific investigation to explore the factors contributing to this global trend. Focusing on the outbreaks in three Alberta meat packing plants, the RHYYC study aims to understand: Why it Spread? How did it impact those affected? What was the response? The findings from this study have implications at the level of local, national, and global health systems. Understanding these outbreaks will help to inform sustainable economic recovery, as well as promote health equity for newcomer communities. This information will also help to determine effective measures to prevent future outbreaks of Covid-19 in meat packing plants. Many Canadians watched and cheered as essential workers were applauded for their service at the beginning of quarantine, some six months ago. However, a perhaps overlooked segment of the essential service workforce were the employees in the meat packing industry who continued to supply our tables and grocery stores with food. Ultimately, this research will help to ensure that all essential workers, including our newest Canadians and their families, can enjoy the right to live, work, and play in safe healthy environments. https://effat.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/EFFAT-Report-Covid-19-outbreaks-in-slaughterhouses-and-meat-packing-plants-State-of-affairs-and-proposals-for-policy-action-at-EU-level-30.06.2020.pdf https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53177628 Waltenburg MA, Victoroff T, Rose CE, et al. Update: COVID-19 Among Workers in Meat and Poultry Processing Facilities ― United States, April–May 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:887-892. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6927e2 Guenther, T., Czech-Sioli, M., Indenbirken, D., Robitailles, A., Tenhaken, P., Exner, M., … Brinkmann, M. (2020). Investigation of a superspreading event preceding the largest meat processing plant-related SARS-Coronavirus 2 outbreak in Germany. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3654517 https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/15/brazil-meat-plants-linked-to-spread-of-covid-19 https://www.ohscanada.com/covid-cases-among-manitoba-meat-plant-staff-no-closure-planned/ https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/topics/Page17115.aspx

Community Scholars

We need interested community members affected by these outbreaks to join our team as “Community Scholars”.

We will train, pay and include Community Scholars in all aspects of this important COVID-19 research.

Community Scholars will assist the study team with recruiting meat processing plant employees to complete a survey, conducting 20-30 in-depth interviews with employees and their families, or continue recruitment if necessary. Interviews will explore themes including the outbreak's impact and perceived response.

Click here for more information.

APPLY

Send us your contact information and someone will get back to you with more information.


NOTE: Applicants must be over the age of 18.

Contact Us

If you have any questions for our research team, please fill out the following form. If you would like to subscribe to the Refugee Health YYC newsletter and receive real-time updates on this study, please check the opt-in button.

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